Melatonin Long-Term Risks (2025): Safer Use—and 15 Better Sleep Picks
Published: 11/13/2025 | Last Updated: 05/22/2026
Melatonin went from niche supplement to bedtime default in a few years: gummies that taste like candy, "sleep shots" at the checkout line, even kid-branded bottles on nightstands. It feels harmless because it's "natural," but melatonin is a hormone, not a vitamin, and new 2025 data are raising questions about what happens when we take it every night for years, especially at high doses and in people who already have health issues. At the same time, big studies are reminding us that cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is still the first-line treatment for chronic insomnia, not pills or gummies.
If you're uneasy about long-term melatonin but still desperate for better sleep, you're not stuck. There are natural, non-hormonal tools that can make a real difference. This guide breaks down what we actually know (and don't) about long-term melatonin risks, safer-use guardrails if you still take it, and 15 melatonin-free products, from relaxation supplements to blackout curtains, that support sleep without leaning on nightly hormone dosing. For a deeper dive into lifestyle options beyond this review, see Natural Alternatives to Melatonin.
Quick Take: Are Melatonin's Long-Term Risks Real?
If you only read one section, make it this.
For many healthy adults, short-term, low-dose melatonin (especially for jet lag or schedule shifts) appears reasonably safe. The bigger concern is what happens when "occasional" becomes "every night for years."
A large, multinational cohort study presented at the American Heart Association Scientific Sessions 2025 found that adults with chronic insomnia who used melatonin for more than a year had a higher risk of heart failure, heart-failure hospitalization, and all-cause death than similar patients who didn't take melatonin. That doesn't prove melatonin causes those outcomes. The study is observational and the most likely confounder is reverse causality, where people who need nightly melatonin may already be on a worse health trajectory for unrelated reasons. But the signal is strong enough that cardiology groups are explicitly calling for caution and more research.
Kids and teens are a special concern. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine now advises that parents treat melatonin like any other medication, keep it out of reach, and talk with a pediatric clinician before starting it.
Quality control is a real problem too. Independent lab analyses have shown that the actual amount of melatonin in many gummies and capsules can be wildly different from the label, sometimes several times higher.
Major sleep and internal-medicine guidelines still say the first-line treatment for chronic insomnia is CBT-I, not melatonin or sedatives.
So no, melatonin isn't "poison." But treating a hormone like nightly candy is a very different risk profile than taking a low dose for a week of jet lag.
What We Know (and Don't) About Melatonin's Long-Term Risks in 2025
The Good News: Short-Term Use and Circadian Fixes
Melatonin's sweet spot is timing, not knockout power. At low doses, taken 1-2 hours before bed, it can shift the body's internal clock in the right direction, especially for jet lag when crossing time zones, rotating or night-shift work, and delayed sleep phase (falling asleep at 2-4 a.m. and struggling with early wake times).
In these cases, melatonin functions more like a nudge to your internal clock than a sedative. For many adults, that kind of short, clearly defined use is where the risk-benefit balance makes the most sense, especially when combined with schedule changes, light exposure, and CBT-I strategies described in Insomnia in 2025: CBT-I First, Orexin-Blocking Meds and Circadian Fixes.
The Red Flags: Heart, Metabolism, and Hormones
The concern in 2025 isn't a weekend of melatonin. It's years of high-dose, nightly use in people who are already vulnerable.
The study driving most of the conversation is Abstract 4371606, led by Ekenedilichukwu Nnadi, MD (SUNY Downstate/Kings County), presented at AHA Scientific Sessions 2025. Researchers used the TriNetX Global Research Network to compare 65,414 adults with insomnia who had used melatonin for at least a year against 65,414 matched controls. Over five years.
Incident heart failure occurred in 4.6% of melatonin users versus 2.7% of controls (about 89% higher hazard).
Heart failure hospitalizations occurred in 19.0% versus 6.6% (roughly three times the risk).
All-cause mortality was 7.8% versus 4.3% (roughly double).
The Caveats That Matter
Three important points the headlines often skip:
First, this is a conference abstract, not a peer-reviewed publication. The AHA itself notes that meeting abstracts "are considered preliminary until published as a full manuscript in a peer-reviewed scientific journal."
Second, the study is observational. It cannot prove melatonin causes heart failure. The most likely explanation is reverse causality: people who need nightly melatonin for chronic insomnia may already be developing cardiovascular problems for unrelated reasons (untreated sleep apnea, autonomic dysregulation, depression, metabolic disease), and the melatonin is a marker, not a cause. The lead investigator herself said, "If our study is confirmed, this could affect how doctors counsel patients about sleep aids."
Third, even if the association turns out to be partly causal, that doesn't make occasional, low-dose melatonin use dangerous. It does make nightly, high-dose, indefinite use a different conversation than most consumers think they're having.
Combine that with lab data showing inconsistent dosing and the fact that melatonin affects blood pressure, glucose, and other hormonal pathways, and it's enough to move melatonin out of the "harmless candy" category and into "powerful tool that deserves respect."
Children and teens add another layer. Long-term melatonin isn't recommended for most typically developing kids. Pediatric reviews suggest use beyond a few months should be reserved for specific conditions and under specialist supervision because of theoretical effects on puberty and hormone signaling.
Real-World Problems: Dosing Chaos and Misuse
Even if melatonin were perfectly safe at precise doses, real life gets messy.
A landmark 2017 analysis in the Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine tested 31 commercial melatonin supplements and found the actual content ranged from 83% less than the label to 478% more. More than 71% of products fell outside a 10% margin of their stated dose, and 26% contained serotonin, an unlabeled and tightly controlled compound. The most variable sample was a chewable tablet (the form most likely to be used by children), which contained almost 9 mg of melatonin when the label claimed 1.5 mg.
People commonly take 5-10 mg or more, chasing sedation, when research suggests much lower doses are enough for circadian effects. And instead of addressing underlying problems like stress, trauma, inconsistent schedules, or late-night scrolling, melatonin often becomes a shortcut for chronic insomnia.
If your sleep struggles are wrapped up with racing thoughts and night-time anxiety, hormone gummies may be a blunt instrument. Tools that target your nervous system and thought patterns directly, like the strategies in How to Calm Your Mind Before Sleep: Tools That Work, usually have a better long-term upside.
When Melatonin Makes Sense, and When It Probably Doesn't
Reasonable Use Cases
Melatonin can still be a sensible choice when you're dealing with jet lag for a few days, transitioning to a new work schedule and using it temporarily as you anchor light exposure and sleep/wake times, or working with a clinician on a diagnosed circadian rhythm disorder.
In each of these, melatonin is a short-term bridge while you fix the underlying rhythm.
Situations Where Melatonin Shouldn't Be the Main Plan
It's probably the wrong primary tool when you have chronic insomnia and have never tried CBT-I or a structured behavioral approach. Guidelines are very clear that CBT-I should come first.
It's also probably wrong when you have significant heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, kidney disease, or you're older, and you're using high-dose melatonin indefinitely without medical supervision. Same goes for giving it regularly to children or teens without talking to their pediatric clinician, or for anyone who's pregnant, breastfeeding, or dealing with complex autoimmune or psychiatric conditions where hormone manipulation is a big variable.
For a lot of people in these buckets, basic foundations (like the behavior-level strategies in Sleep Hygiene Tips That Actually Work) plus targeted tools like the ones below will do more for long-term sleep than escalating melatonin doses.
Safer-Use Guardrails if You Still Take Melatonin
If you're going to use melatonin, think harm reduction, not all or nothing.
Go low and slow. Many adults do well starting around 0.3-1 mg, not 5-10 mg. Larger doses don't necessarily work better and may increase side effects.
Time it right. For most people, that means about 1-2 hours before your ideal bedtime, not in the middle of the night after you've already been awake on your phone.
Use it for defined stretches. Think weeks to a few months while you build better routines and environment, not as a forever plan.
Avoid stacking with sedatives, alcohol, or multiple OTC sleep products.
Loop in a clinician if you have cardiovascular disease, serious mental health conditions, seizure history, or take multiple medications that affect the brain or heart.
Treat children's use like a prescription decision. Follow pediatric guidance closely and focus on schedule and behavior first.
Instead of asking "How much melatonin is safe long-term?", build a toolbox of melatonin-free strategies you can rely on for years.
How We Chose These 15 Melatonin-Free Sleep Picks
Before you see the products, here's what made the cut.
No melatonin. None of these change your hormone levels directly. They target environment, nervous system, and arousal instead.
Sleep levers that matter: noise (steady sound to buffer bumps and traffic), light (true darkness at night to let your own melatonin system work), sensation (comforting pressure to calm the nervous system), and physiology (gentle support for stress and muscle tension, not sedation).
Real-world reliability. These are established products with strong track records, not just novelty gadgets.
Budget, mid-range, and premium tiers in each category so you can start where it makes sense and upgrade later if you want.
We'll start with relaxation supplements, because many people reach for melatonin to quiet their body when a better option might be supporting stress and muscle tension with non-hormonal tools.
Relaxation Supplements (Melatonin-Free)
Relaxation supplements are not cures for insomnia, but the right ones can nudge your stress response, muscle tension, and mental arousal in a better direction, especially when paired with good routines. All three of these are melatonin-free and focused on stress and nervous-system tone, not sedation. Always talk with your clinician first if you're pregnant, have chronic conditions, or take psychiatric or hormone-related medications.
If you want to go deeper on timing and forms of magnesium specifically, Magnesium for Sleep: Which Type Works Best and When to Take It breaks down the differences between common types.
1. Goli ASHWA Ashwagandha Gummies (Budget)
Price: $14.98 (60 gummies)
Goli's ASHWA gummies are designed for people who want a gentle stress-support baseline in the easiest format possible: chewable, familiar gummies that fit right into a nighttime routine. Instead of trying to knock you out, ashwagandha is used to help smooth cortisol and stress reactivity over time, which can make it easier to let go at night.
These shine if your days feel frantic and your evenings are one long mental replay. A low-key, sweet-tasting gummy can be a psychological cue ("wind-down time") as much as a physiological nudge. Taken regularly, many users report feeling less keyed-up in the evenings, which makes other habits like journaling, stretching, and reading work better.
They're still not for everyone. If you're pregnant, have thyroid or autoimmune issues, or are on certain medications, ashwagandha needs a clinician's sign-off. But for relatively healthy adults whose main issue is stress and overthinking, Goli ASHWA is an easy, low-friction way to start shifting out of constant "fight-or-flight" before bed.
2. Natural Rhythm Triple Calm Magnesium (Mid-Range)
Price: $23.95 (120 capsules)
Triple Calm Magnesium is the pick for people whose sleep issues feel like restlessness more than racing thoughts: the leg twitching, muscle tightness, or wired-but-tired feeling that makes your body refuse to settle. This blend uses more absorbable forms of magnesium aimed at supporting muscle relaxation and nervous-system calm instead of acting like a laxative.
The appeal is twofold. First, it's predictable. You're not relying on a hormone that changes the timing of your internal clock. Second, it pairs perfectly with nighttime rituals like stretching, breathwork, or a warm shower. Over time, many people find that magnesium lowers the "volume" on background tension so they're less likely to wake up at every minor disturbance.
For anyone who has been chasing stronger and stronger melatonin because their body feels too wired to sleep, this is a sensible step sideways: support muscle and nervous-system relaxation directly, then build a quieter evening routine around it.
3. Sports Research Ashwagandha KSM-66 (Premium)
Price: $32.95 (90 veggie capsules)
If Goli is the approachable, low-dose stress support, Sports Research's KSM-66 ashwagandha is the serious version for people who know they tolerate the herb well and want a more potent, third-party-tested formula. KSM-66 is the most clinically studied ashwagandha extract on the market, standardized for consistent withanolide content, which is important in a category where ingredient quality varies enormously between brands.
The capsule format is less "fun" than a gummy, but that's part of the positioning. This is a purposeful supplement, not a bedtime treat. For some, that mental framing matters. It signals that sleep is health care, not candy time. Over weeks, a well-tolerated ashwagandha routine can make it easier to stick with CBT-I strategies and reduce the urge to keep escalating melatonin doses.
Sports Research is also one of the cleaner-label brands in the supplement space, with a consistent track record on transparency. As a melatonin alternative for high-stress adults working with a clinician, this can become a cornerstone of a calmer, hormone-free sleep plan. The same caveats apply: thyroid issues, autoimmune conditions, depression or anxiety on meds, and pregnancy all call for medical oversight first.
White Noise Machines: Soften the Night Without a Pill
A shocking amount of "I can't sleep without melatonin" boils down to noise: neighbors above you, traffic outside, a partner's shifting, a dog barking at 3 a.m. White noise doesn't sedate you. It reduces sudden contrast between quiet and noise, so your brain stops snapping to attention at every little sound. For light sleepers, it can do more than another milligram of melatonin ever will.
4. Magicteam White Noise Machine (Budget)
Price: $21.99
Magicteam's unit is the definition of a low-risk experiment: small, affordable, and packed with multiple sound options. If you're skeptical about white noise, this is where to start. You can test different profiles (pure white noise, fan-like sounds, gentle nature tracks) without committing to a premium device.
On a practical level, it's ideal for cramped bedrooms, dorms, and travel. Drop it on a nightstand, set a comfortable volume, and let it create a consistent audio "wall" between you and apartment noise or hallway doors. For a lot of people, simply not hearing every late-night plumbing noise makes melatonin feel less essential.
5. Yogasleep Dohm Classic White Noise Machine (Mid-Range)
Price: $49.99
The Dohm Classic is the analog workhorse: a real mechanical fan inside a simple shell, producing the classic rushing sound that generations of light sleepers swear by. There's no app and no endless menus. Just twist the casing to tune tone and volume.
This simplicity is a feature, not a bug. It's built for nightly use, year after year, and it's especially good for people who dislike digital loops or synthetic sounds. Put it between you and the noisiest direction (window, hallway), and it quietly hums away while you sleep, taking the edge off disruption without touching your hormones.
6. SNOOZ White Noise Sound Machine (Premium)
Price: $99.99
SNOOZ is the premium evolution of the fan-noise idea: a real fan generating sound, wrapped in a modern shell, plus fine-tuned digital control via its app. You can adjust tone and volume from bed, set schedules, and dial in a sound profile that keeps both you and a partner happy.
It's ideal for couples who disagree on noise levels, frequent travelers who want the same sound in every hotel room, or light sleepers who need precise control to find that "just right" hum. When you can customize the sound so it feels almost invisible, there's less temptation to rely on a higher melatonin dose just to "knock yourself out" past the noise.
Weighted Blankets: Calm the Nervous System, Not the Pineal Gland
Weighted blankets work by applying even, gentle pressure across your body, what therapists call deep-pressure stimulation. For some people, that pressure cues the nervous system to shift out of high alert, making it easier to relax and fall asleep. They're not ideal for everyone (especially young kids or people with certain breathing or heart issues), but for the right sleeper, they can be a game-changer. For nuance on who should and shouldn't use them, see Weighted Blankets for Better Sleep: Who Benefits and Who Should Skip.
7. L'AGRATY Weighted Blanket for Adults (Budget)
Price: $35.99 (15 lb queen)
L'AGRATY's weighted blanket is designed for people who are curious but cautious. You want to see if the "hugged" feeling actually helps before investing heavily. It delivers the classic glass-bead design in an approachable, entry-level package.
The magic here is psychological as much as physical: when you climb under a slightly heavier blanket, your body gets a clear signal that it's time to settle. If your current pattern is tossing, turning, and then reaching for melatonin at midnight, this kind of physical cue can help you stay put long enough for natural drowsiness to catch up.
8. Bare Home Weighted Blanket (Mid-Range)
Price: $62.99 (17 lb queen)
Bare Home steps things up with more attention to fabric quality, stitching, and size options, so you can match weight more precisely to your body and bed. That matters when you're planning to use a weighted blanket most nights, not just occasionally. The 17 lb queen variant sits in the upper range of the standard 8-10% of body weight rule, making it a good fit for adults in the 170-220 lb range.
This pick is for people who've already felt the benefits, maybe from a budget blanket or a friend's, and now want something that feels better against the skin, looks more integrated with their bedding, and will hold up over time. When the blanket itself is more inviting, it becomes easier to make it a nightly habit instead of defaulting back to melatonin for comfort.
9. ZonLi Weighted Blanket for Adults (Premium)
Price: $29.99 (15 lb queen)
ZonLi's options are built for the hot sleeper who still craves pressure. The multi-layer construction with smaller compartments spreads weight more evenly and reduces bead shifting, while breathable microfiber outer materials keep heat from building up as quickly as plush sherpa designs.
If you've tried weighted blankets before and loved the calming effect but hated waking up sweaty, this is the upgrade. You get the nervous-system benefits without feeling trapped under a heavy, overheated shell. For anxious, sensory-sensitive sleepers, that combination can be a more sustainable long-term solution than increasing melatonin doses whenever stress spikes. Worth noting: at $29.99, this is actually the most budget-friendly weighted blanket on this list despite being positioned as the premium-construction pick, making it a strong value across the board.
Sleep Masks: Total Darkness Without Rewiring Your Hormones
Light is one of the strongest signals your brain uses to set its clock. Even modest light exposure at night, like streetlights leaking through blinds, a partner's phone, or hallway light under the door, can suppress your own melatonin production and fragment sleep. A good sleep mask is a tiny intervention with big leverage: it creates darkness wherever your face is, without changing your hormones directly.
To better understand how light and temperature shape your rhythms, How Light, Temperature, and Timing Shape Your Sleep walks through the full picture.
10. YIVIEW 3D Contoured Sleep Mask (Budget)
Price: $9.99
The YIVIEW mask is a low-cost way to test whether true darkness helps you fall asleep faster or stay asleep longer. Its contoured eye cups keep fabric off your eyelashes and allow you to blink, which is huge if you've hated flat, pressing masks before.
Because it's inexpensive and lightweight, it's perfect for travel, shift workers, or anyone who wants to experiment without commitment. You'll quickly learn whether blocking out that early morning sun or hallway light does more for your sleep than another gummy.
11. MZOO 3D Contoured Sleep Mask, Model 1 (Mid-Range)
Price: $16.99
MZOO's first 3D mask leans into padding, durability, and fit. The deeper eye cups and more substantial construction help it stay put through position changes, which matters if you toss and turn.
This is the kind of mask you can wear every night at home without thinking about it. It turns your pillow into a "dark room" no matter what the curtains are doing, especially useful if you share a room with someone who reads, works late on a laptop, or comes to bed after you. For many people, this alone reduces middle-of-the-night wakeups enough that melatonin becomes optional.
12. MZOO 3D Contoured Sleep Mask, Model 2 (Premium)
Price: $29.99
The newer MZOO version refines the formula with better fabrics, updated strap design, and even deeper contours for near-total blackout. It's built for the person who already knows masks work and wants a once-and-done upgrade.
If sunrise blasts through your windows, you live in a bright urban environment, or you're intensely light-sensitive, this mask can feel like flipping a switch. Suddenly your bedroom behaves more like a hotel blackout suite, without rewiring anything or adding more melatonin to your night.
Blackout Curtains: Turn Your Bedroom into a Sleep Cave
Sleep masks control light where your face is. Blackout curtains control light in the entire room. That matters for people who wake easily, partners who don't wear masks, or mornings when you'd like to sleep past sunrise. Blocking out streetlights, porch lights, and early sun allows your endogenous melatonin to rise and fall naturally, rather than fighting against a bright bedroom.
13. NICETOWN Thermal Insulated 100% Blackout Curtains (Budget)
Price: $9.97 (2 panels, 42"W x 63"L each)
NICETOWN's curtains are the go-to starter set: widely used, affordable, and consistently strong at blocking light. They're unflashy workhorses that do exactly what they promise: darken the room and add a bit of thermal insulation.
If you've never tried blackout curtains, this is where you learn just how much that neighbor's floodlight or early sunrise has been eroding your sleep. At under $10 for a pair, this is the lowest-friction way to test the concept. Many people find that once the room is genuinely dark, the "I need melatonin to sleep" story starts to unravel.
14. Joydeco 100% Blackout Curtains (Mid-Range)
Price: $23.99 (2 panels, 52"W x 84"L each)
Joydeco's panels step things up with nicer fabric feel and improved drape, often with a bit more emphasis on both light blocking and temperature stability. They're designed to look more like standard decor and less like utilitarian blackout panels.
For people in hot climates or noisy urban neighborhoods, the combination of a darker, cooler room can be a turning point. You fall asleep faster and stay asleep longer without increasing melatonin doses every time the seasons or street noise change.
15. H.VERSAILTEX Textured 100% Blackout Curtains (Premium)
Price: $38.95 (52"W x 84"L pair, additional sizes available)
These curtains are aimed at readers who want their bedroom to feel like a hotel-level sleep sanctuary: thicker fabric, textured look, and heavy drape that easily blocks stray beams of light. You're paying for both performance and aesthetics.
If you're serious about prioritizing sleep as a long-term health investment, this is the kind of one-time purchase that makes everything else easier. CBT-I works better, relaxation strategies stick more easily, and the question of "Do I need more melatonin?" starts coming up less often because the room finally supports the sleep you're trying to have.
How to Build a Melatonin-Free Sleep Plan with These Tools
These 15 picks aren't meant to be used all at once. They're building blocks. A few examples of how to put them together:
The anxious, wired-at-night sleeper: Evening wind-down with Goli ASHWA or Triple Calm Magnesium (with clinician approval). Weighted blanket for deep-pressure calm. White noise machine to blur out sudden sounds. A consistent pre-bed routine like the habits in 7 Habits That Help You Fall Asleep Faster.
The light- and noise-sensitive urban sleeper: NICETOWN or Joydeco blackout curtains. MZOO mask for extra insurance. SNOOZ or Dohm Classic for steady fan-like sound.
The shift worker or early-waker trying to stretch sleep: Heavy blackout curtains plus a reliable mask. White noise to cover daytime noise. A magnesium-based supplement or ashwagandha (with medical guidance) to support wind-down when your schedule fights your biology.
The point isn't to own more stuff. It's to create a sleep environment and nervous-system pattern that lets your own melatonin system work properly, so if you do use melatonin, it's a small, strategic add-on, not the entire plan.
FAQ
Is melatonin bad for you if you take it every night?
"Bad" is too simple. The new data suggest that long-term melatonin use in adults with insomnia is associated with higher heart-failure and mortality risk, but it doesn't prove melatonin is causing those problems. At minimum, nightly long-term use deserves a real conversation with your clinician, especially if you have cardiovascular or metabolic risk factors.
What dose of melatonin is safest if I do use it?
For adults, lower doses (around 0.3-1 mg) are often enough for circadian effects. Cranking up to 5-10 mg or more rarely fixes insomnia that's rooted in stress, trauma, or irregular schedules, and may add side effects without extra benefit.
Is melatonin safe for children or teens?
Pediatric and sleep-medicine groups are increasingly cautious. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine's 2022 health advisory explicitly recommends treating melatonin like a medication, keeping it out of children's reach, and only using it under professional guidance after schedule and behavioral strategies have been tried. The advisory was prompted in part by a 530% increase in pediatric melatonin ingestion calls to poison control between 2012 and 2021.
Can I stop melatonin cold turkey, or do I need to taper?
Most healthy adults can simply stop. Melatonin isn't physically addictive in the way some sedatives are. That said, your sleep may feel off while your routines and environment catch up, which is why layering in tools from this list before stopping often makes the transition smoother.
What should I try first if I want to get off melatonin?
Start with behavior and environment: consistent bed/wake times, device cut-offs, cooler/darker room, and something to calm your mind before bed. Then layer in tools (white noise, masks, weighted blankets, and relaxation supplements) with clinician guidance.
Final Thoughts
Melatonin isn't the villain of modern sleep. But it isn't harmless candy either. It's a potent hormone signal that our culture has turned into a nightly go-to for problems that are usually rooted in stress, habits, environment, and untreated insomnia. The emerging heart-risk data don't mean everyone on melatonin is doomed. They do mean we should stop pretending long-term high-dose use is a neutral choice.
The real path forward is less dramatic and more sustainable. Build a sleep ecosystem that does most of the heavy lifting (dark room, steady sound, comforting pressure, calmer evenings) and then decide whether melatonin needs a small, clearly defined role or none at all. Tools that target the bigger lifestyle picture, like the best over-the-counter sleep aids for occasional use, can complement that ecosystem instead of replacing it.
The 15 picks in this guide are not magic bullets, but they're reliable bricks you can use to rebuild your nights without leaning on hormone gummies as your only foundation. If you're willing to redesign your habits and environment, melatonin can shrink back to what it was always meant to be: an optional tool, not the entire plan.
By Altruva Wellness Editorial Team
Reviewed Products
Sources
American Heart Association. "Long-term use of melatonin supplements to support sleep may have negative health effects." November 3, 2025. Scientific Sessions 2025, Abstract MP2306. https://newsroom.heart.org/news/long-term-use-of-melatonin-supplements-to-support-sleep-may-have-negative-health-effects
Erland, L. A., & Saxena, P. K. (2017). "Melatonin Natural Health Products and Supplements: Presence of Serotonin and Significant Variability of Melatonin Content." Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 13(2), 275-281. DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.6462 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5263083/
American Academy of Sleep Medicine. "Health Advisory: Melatonin Use in Children and Adolescents." Adopted September 9, 2022. https://aasm.org/advocacy/position-statements/melatonin-use-in-children-and-adolescents-health-advisory/
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